Advanced Chemistry with Vernier
Experiments for AP®, IB, and College General Chemistry by Jack Randall

This exciting new lab book has 35 advanced chemistry experiments designed for use with Vernier data-collection technology, including one lab for each of the 22 AP recommended experiments. There are four versions included for each experiment: computer (Logger Pro 3), calculator, Palm OS® handhelds, and a generic version that covers all platforms. Experiments are included for 10 Vernier sensors: Stainless Steel Temperature Probe, pH Sensor, Conductivity Probe, Drop Counter, Colorimeter, Gas Pressure Sensor, Current Probe, ORP Sensor, and Radiation Monitor. Here are just a few highlights of experiments in this book. You can view the entire table of contents at http://www.vernier.com/cmat/chema.html.

• Kinetics — Three new experiments for determining rate and order of reaction, using the method of initial rates (using a Gas Pressure Sensor, a Conductivity Probe, and a Colorimeter). We have also included one experiment for determining the activation energy by varying the temperature.
• Stoichiometry — Determine the optimal mole ratio of the reactants in a chemical reaction.
• Potentiometric Titrations for Oxidation-Reduction Reactions — Two experiments use our ORP Sensor, including the titration of hydrogen peroxide, using potassium permanganate.
• Titrations — There are a wide variety of titration experiments (acid-base, conductimetric, potentiometric), including directions with and without a Vernier Drop Counter.
• Equilibrium — There are several equilibrium experiments, including K_c, K_a, K_sp, as well as additional experiments for acid-base indicators and buffers.
• Electrochemistry — Two experiments use the Current Probe; one to monitor current during the electroplating of copper, and another that has students determine Avogadro’s number.

Advanced Chemistry with Vernier | Order Code CHEM-A | $45

Experiment 30: Exploring the Properties of Gases
This guided-inquiry investigation has students conduct a series of four experiments, each illustrating a different gas law. Students are given a list of equipment and materials, including a Temperature Probe and Gas Pressure Sensor, along with some general guidelines to help them get started with each experiment. Four properties of gases are investigated:

Part 1	Pressure, P, and volume, V (temperature and number of molecules constant)
Part 2	Pressure, P, and absolute temperature, T (volume and number of molecules constant)
Part 3	Volume, V, and absolute temperature, T (pressure and number of molecules constant)
Part 4	Pressure, P, and number of molecules, n (volume and absolute temperature constant)

Students may have previously done parts 1 and 2 in their first-year classes. (P-V and P-T experiments are included in our Chemistry with Computers lab book.) However, this inquiry experiment provides a great review of gases for an advanced chemistry course. Parts 3 and 4, in particular, will provide new challenges. In part 3, students are asked to determine the relationship between gas volume and absolute temperature (Charles’ law); to do this, they will need to submerge their apparatus (the 20 mL syringe mounted on a 125 mL Erlenmeyer fl ask) in diff erent water baths. The gas volume is varied using the syringe, and the gas pressure is monitored to ensure that it remains constant each time they vary the temperature. Part 4 has students add increasing numbers of molecules to the apparatus using a syringe, and subsequently determine the relationship between the number of molecules, n, and pressure (according to Avogadro’s hypothesis, numbers of molecules are assumed to be proportional to incremental syringe gas volumes added). Sample data from the four experiments are shown here:

Pressure vs volume (Part I)	Pressure vs absolute temperature (Part II)
Volume vs absolute temperature (Part III)	Pressure vs number of molecules (Part IV)

Students are asked to combine the results from the four parts of the experiments, and determine the relationship between P, V, V n, T, and and T the proportionality constant, K:

PV = KnT, corresponding to the ideal gas law, PV = nRT

To learn more about Vernier products required to perform these and other chemistry experiments, go to http://www.vernier.com/pkgs and click on “Advanced Chemistry”.